Acknowledgments: (Part 14)
I am grateful to Professors Theodore P. Wright, Jr.(SUNY-Albany) and Michael N. Pearson of University of New South Wales, Australia for comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Husain Dalwai, a former chairman of the Maharashtra Minorities Commission and Abdullah Muqaddam of the Kokani World Muslim Federation in London answered many questions to me during the course of writing this paper. My sincere thanks to Masud Taj and Suhail Fakih of Mumbai who helped me in contacting the descendants of Muhammad Ali Roghay Nakhuda and the Charity Trust named after him to obtain critical information on this important Konkani.
NOTES
1. Kashf al-ansab, Arabic text in Aziz Jang, Tarikh al-Nawayat, (Hyderabad: Wila Academy, 1904, reprinted in 1976, pp. 275-79.
2. Victor S. D'Souza, The Navayats of Kanara: A Study in Social Contact, (Dharwar: Kannada Research Institute, 1955); and his article "Mother Right in Transition," Sociological Bulletin 2, no. 2 (September 1953): 135-42.
3. See "Purdah, Family Structure and the Status of Women: A Note on a Deviant Case," pp. 239-64, in Family, Kinship and Marriage among Muslims in India, edited by Imtiaz Ahmad, (New Delhi: Manohar, 1976).
4. A.R. Momin, "Muslim Caste in an Industrial Township in Maharahstra," pp.117-40, in Caste and Social Stratification among Muslims in India, edited by Imtiaz Ahmad, (New Delhi: Manohar, 1978).
5. For an excellent description of the medieval trade of Konkan see Ranabir Chakravarti," Coastal Trade and Voyages in Konkan: The Early Medieval Scenario." The Indian Economic and Social History Review 35, no. 2 (1998): 97-123.
6. Kashf al-ansab, op. Cit.
7. Translated as The Meadows of Gold, by Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, (New York: Kegan Paul, 1989);
8. For baysira, see J.C. Wilkinson, "Baysirah and Bayadir," Arabian Studies 1 (1974): 75-85.
9. Masudi, Muruj al-dhahab, op cit.
10. Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, Kitab ajaib al-Hind, translated as The Book of the Wonders of India by G.S.P. Grenville, (London: East-West, 1981)
11. Yaqut Hamawi, Mujam al-buldan, (Beirut; Dar Sadir, 1993)
12. al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtaq, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970)
13. D.C.Sircar, "Rashtrakuta Charters from Chinchani," Epigraphia Indica 32 1957-58): 45-60.
14. David Pingree, "Sanskrit Evidence for the Presence of Arabs, Jews, and Persians in Western India, c. 700-1300 " Journal of the Oriental Society of Baroda 31, no. 2 (1981): 172-82.
15. Ranabir Chakravarti, "Merchants of Konkan," Indian Economic and Social History Review 23, no.2 91986): 207-15.
16. See references to Pieter van der Broecke' account cited in Ashin Das Gupta, "Indian Merchants and the Western Indian Ocean: The Early Seventeenth Century," Modern Asian Studies 19 , no. 3 (1985): 481-99, citation on p. 491.
17. Prof. C.M. Naim, University of Chicago in a personal communication, March 24, 1999 helped me understand the term. In modern Kuwait, the term Nawakhid is applied to boat captains according to George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Medieval Times, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 19510, p. 113.
18. See the authors in chronological order: Aziz Jang, op. Cit. 1904; Alex A. Pais, "The Navayats: An Account of Their History and Their Customs,"Quarterly Journal of Mythic Society 10, no. 1 (October 1919): 41-58; Muhammad Murtaza, "Sawahil- Hindustan par Musalmanon ka tawattun," Majallah I Taylisanin 6 (1942): 18-52 Hashimi, "Mawlawi Abd al-Qadir, (Hyderabad, 1963; Muhammad Yusuf Kokan, Khwanwadah Qazi Badr al-Dawlah, (Madras: Dar al-Tasnif, 1963; Muh al-Din Mumin, Tarikh-I Kokan, Bombay: Naqsh-I Kokan Trust Publications, 1969; D.V. Chauhan, "The Problem of the Navaits in India," Oriental Institute Journal of Baroda 21, no. 2 (June 1972): 357-63; Zakira Ghause, Baqir Agah's Contribution to Arabic, Persian and Urdu Literature, M.litt. dissertation, University of Madras, 1973; Muhammad Afzaluddin Iqbal, Tazkirah Sa'id, (Hyderabad: Saeedia Library, 1973; Sylvia Vatuk, "Identity and Difference: Or Equality and Inequality in South Asian Muslim Society," pp. 227-62, in Caste Today, edited by C.J. Fuller, (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
19. D.V. Chauhan, "The Problem of the Navaits in India," Oriental Institute Journal of Baroda 21, no. 2 (June 1972): 357-63.
20. Gazetteer of the Bombay City and Island, vol 11, p. 24, (Bombay: Gazetteer Dept, Govt of Bombay, 1977-78): II, p. 24.
21. Lotika Vardarajan, "Kokan Ports and Medieval Trade," Indica 22, no. 1 (March 1985): 9-16.
22. Lotika Vardarajan, op cit. P. 10.
23. M. Longworth Dames, The Book of Duarte Barbosa, (London: Haklyut Society, 1918), pp. 151-67.
24. Shah Nawaz Khan Samsam al-Dawla, Maathir al-umara, vol. 3, Urdu translation by Muhammad Ayyub Qadiri, (Karachi: Markazi Urdu Board, 1970), pp. 468-70.
25. Muhi al-Din Mumin, Tarikh-I Kokan, (Bombay: Naqsh-I Kokan Trust Publications, 1969)
26. Z.A. Desai, Arabic, Persian and Urdu Inscriptions in West India: A topographical List, (New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1999), inscriptions numbers 609, 618, 791-93, 796, 1185-87, 1305-1308, 1678, 1914, 2069-70, 2100, and 2167; and A.K. Nairne, "Musalman Remains in the South Konkan, "The Indian Antiquary 2 (October 1873): 278-83; 2 (November 1873): 317-22; 3 (April 1874): 100-02; 3 (July 1874): 181-82.
27. Nairne, History of the Konkan, (Bombay, 1894), p. 41.
28. Nairne, op. Cit. P. 42.
29. Arthur Crawford, Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan, (London: Archibald Constable, 1897), pp. 155-58.
30. Encyclopedia of Islam, II ed. S.V. Bombay City, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960-)
31. Census of the City and Island of Bombay, 1881, (Bombay, 1883), pp. 46-47.
32. Christine Dobbin, Urban Leadership in Western India: Politics and Communities in Bombay City, 1840-1885, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 15.
33. Gillian Tindall, City of Gold: The Biography of Bombay, (London: Temple
Smith, 1982), p. 125.
34. Gillian Tindall, op. Cit. P. 126. See also Monisha Ahmed, "Sacred Muslim Sites, "pp. 176-80, in Bombay to Mumbai, ed. By Pauline Rohatgi and others, (Mumbai: Marg, 1997)The Jama Masjid and Haji Ali Complex are listed as buildings of historical, aesthetical, and architectural value in 1995 by the State. See Heritage Regulations for Greater Bombay, 1995, (Mumbai: Urban Development Department, Govt., of Maharashtra, 1995), pp. 37, 44.
35. Muhi al-Din Mumin, op cit, see the chapter "Bhant Bhant ki Boliyan," pp.300-333.
36. See Abd al-Hayyi al-Hasani, Nuzhat al-khawatir bahjat al-masami wa al nawazir, (Hyderabad: Dairat al-Maarif al-Uthmaniya, 1947-68, and reissued as al-Ilam bi man fi tarikh al-Hind min al-ilam, (Lucknow: Majlis-I Tahqiqat was Nashariyat-I Islam, 1995.
37. Abd al-Rahman Parwaz Ilahi, Makhdum Ali Mahaimi: hayat, athar wa afkar, (Bombay: Naqsh-I Kokan Trust Publications, 1976) Aftab-I Kokan by Fakhr al-din Munshi, (Bombay: Matba'a Karimi, n.d.) which the present writer has not seen, is probably related to a Konkani saint.
38. See Abd al-Wahid Narvil, "Mawlana Abd al-Samad Sharaf al-Din," Maarif (Azamgarh) 157, no. 4 (April 1996): 313-14.
39. Christine Dobbin, op. Cit., p. 239.
40. Roghay's life span and some of the information about him were supplied by the late Nakhuda's descendant. I am grateful to Masud Taj, the Mumbai architect who put me in contact in May 1999 with Suhail Fakih, a young architect. Fakih contacted the Roghay family and the Charity Trust named after him. According to Roghay's descendants, the late Nakhuda donated land for the buildings of such premier institutions of Mumbai as the J.J.Hospital, St. Xavier's College, and the maidan at Mahim. According to Lutfullah, Roghay built a caravanserai at Karanja, near Bombay. See Autobiography of Lutfullah, (New Delhi: International Writers Emporium, 1995; a reprint of 1857) p. 360.
41. Wilfrid S. Blunt, India under Ripon: A Private Diary, (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1909), p. 82. Roghay's liberalism may be due to his travels to England and Turkey in the late 1880s.I am thankful to Prof. Syed Tanvir Wasti of the Middle East Technical University, Ankara for bringing to my attention the autobiography of Abdulhak Hamid, the Ottoman Consul in Bombay in the 19th century. Wasti translated relevant passages in his diary about Roghay for me, personal communication dated August 1, 1998. See Syed Tanvir Wasti, "The Indian Sojourn of Abdulhak Hamid," Middle Eastern Studies 34, no.4 (October 1994): 33-42, where Hamid speaks favorably of Roghay.
42. See Shaykh Farid, "Anjuman-I Islam Bombay aur Aligarh," Nawa-I Adab 36 (April 1986): 94-113. Roghay established a scholarship at Aligarh for Muslim students named after his father Amin Roghay with an amount of 5000 rupees in May 1889, according to Selected Documents from the Aligarh Archives, edited by Yusuf Husain, (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1967), p. 387
43. Sayyid Shahabuddin Desnawi, Anjuman-I Islam ke sau sal, (Bombay: The Anjuman, 1986)
44. Fuzail A. Ghazali, "A District Awakened from the Slumber of Illiteracy, "Saudi Gazette 24 April 1999: 8.
45. Bombay, 1997.
46. Husain B. Tyabji, Badruddin Tyabji, (Bombay: Thacker, 1952), pp. 14-15.
47. See the profile of " Dr. Abd al-Karim Muhammad Naik," by Sharaf Kamali in Naqsh-I Kokan (August 1996): 23-26.
48. Anjum Abbasi and Ismail Shaykh, Kokan ke suput 2 vols. (New Delhi: Modern Publishing House, 1986)
49. Momin, op. Cit. Pp. 119-20.
50. Momin, op. Cit. Pp. 124-36.
51. Saiyed, op. Cit, p. 251-53.
52. Telephone conversation with Husain Dalwai May 18, 1998.
53. Interview with Mir Ayoob Ali Khan, "Truth Can be ComplicatedAntulay, "Saudi Gazette, 12 November 1995: 3.
54. See Theodore P. Wright, Jr. and Omar Khalidi, "Majority Hindu Images, Stereotypes and Demands of the Minority in India: The Backlash," Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 12,, no. 2 (July 1991): 321-34; and Theodore P. Wright, Jr. "The B.J.P.?Shiv Sena Coalition and the Muslim Minority in Maharashtra: The Interface of Foreign and Domestic Conflict, "Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 21 , no. 2 (Winter 1998): 41-50.
55. Asad B. Saif, "Attack on Syncretic Culture: Case of Haji Malang, "Economic and Political Weekly (10 August 1996): 2131-32. In addition to the Haji Malang, several mosques and shrines have been targeted. As a beginning a list of such structures is given in Arun Shourie and others, Hindu Temples: What Happened to Them, (New Delhi: Voice of India, 1990), pp.146-47, with reference to the Konkan region.
56. Harish R. Srivastava, "Muslims in Maharashtra: An Analysis of Their Growth, Concentration and Redistribution, 1951-81," Indian Journal of Social Work 49, no. 4 (1988): 394-407, see particularly p. 404.
57. Vijay Rana, "Mukhtar's Millions," India Today (15 January 1995): 132-33. Borli Panchatan is the village where a South African woman lived in the 1940s after marriage to a Konkani. See Brenda Kidman, Once upon a Far Hillside: The Life and Times of an Indian Village, (London: Century Publishing, 1985)
58. Tabassum S. Parkar, "Kokani Muslim Community in Luton," Kokan Link 5th Anniversary issue (1991): 18-19; iv.
